Overview of Bone Marrow Transplantation

Overview of Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone marrow transplants is recognized as a very effective treatment for certain types of cancer or diseases like leukemia, aplastic anemia, immune deficiency disorders, lymphoma multiple myeloma or some solid tumors like breast or ovarian cancer Bone marrow transplant is a medical procedure that transfuses marrow from one person to another or to the same person . Bone Marrow is the sort sponge-like material found inside human and most animal bones. It has many blood vessels and special fibers that hold blood-forming cells and fat together. The main function of bone marrow is to make three blood cells types: red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen to other cells. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets help blood to clot. In people with leukemia, aplastic anemia or some immune deficiency diseases the stem cells in the bone marrow malfunction making an excessive number of defective immature blood cells (leukemia) , low blood cell counts(aplastic anemia) or the malfunction cells will attack the body rather than protecting it (autoimmune diseases). The immature or defective blood cells will interfere with production of normal blood cells and will invade other tissues by going through the bloodstream. Bone marrow transplants are usually used after initial treatment fails or the disease or cancer returns. Patients must receive large doses of chemotherapy and radiation to eliminate abnormal stem cells, also to disable the immune system and destroy the bone marrow. This is called conditioning. A large dose of chemotherapy and radiation will leaves the patients without the ability to form new stem cells and without an immune system making the patents more open to infection but a bone marrow transplant must be performed to replace the damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy ones. Older patients or patients with additional health problems will receive small doses. It is designed to weaken but not destroy bone marrow. The transplant does not provide 100% assurance that the disease or cancer will not come back but the transplant can increase the likelihood of a cure or prolong the period of disease-free survival for many patients. If the patient received high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, engraftment will make the body resume producing of stem and blood cells and immune system will develop again from the transplanted cells, and the patients that receive low doses, engraftment means a new immune system will develop alongside the remaining but weak immune system. Before conditioning a small flexible tube call a catheter or central venous line will be inserted into a large vein in the chest just above the heart. The catheter is there to administer drugs, blood products to the patient painlessly and withdraw many blood samples that are required during the course of the treatment. There are different types of bone marrow transplants. Autologous transplant; transplanted cells came from the body of the patients, allogeneic transplant; transplanted cells that come from a donor who may or may not be related syngeneic transplants; transplanted cells that come from an identical twin sibling (also a type of allogeneic) The type and severity of the disease determine if a patient should have a bone marrow transplant. A patient can be their own bone marrow donor (autologous) only if the disease is in remission or if the condition being treated does not involves the bone marrow like breast or ovarian cancer. The bone marrow will be taking from the patient before the transplant and any lingering abnormal cells will be removed. In an allogeneic transplant the patient doctor will look for a donor that matches the patients HLA tissue (human leukocyte antigen). HLA is a marker that the immune system uses to recognize which cells belongs there and which cells dont. HLA tissues types are inherited so the best chance of finding a match is with a sibling. Before the patient undergoes a bone marrow transplant he or she must be healthy enough to go through with procedure. General physical condition, age, the stage of the disease, and the diagnosis are considered by the doctor when determining whether or not the patient should undergo a transplant. Then there are many more tests that will be taking to ensure that the patient is in physically fit for the transplant. Whether the donor or the patient provides the marrow used in the transplant the procedure used to collect the bone marrow (bone marrow harvest) is the same. Bone marrow harvesting is done in the hospital operating room. It is done under general anesthesia and it involves little risk and little discomfort. When the donor is under anesthesia the bone marrow will be collected from the hip bone. The bone marrow is thick and is a red liquid. This is a one to two hour outpatient surgical procedure. There will be several skin and bone punctures on each hip, this is required to get the right amount of bone marrow. The donors marrow is completely replenished within a few weeks. After the patient bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and radiation treatments the transplant will now take place. Health marrow is infused into the blood stream though the catheter in the same way any blood product is given. It is not a surgical procedure. If the procedure is successful the transplanted cells will grow and develops in the bone marrow cavities. This process is called engraftment. While the patients is waiting for the transplanted bone marrow to migrate to the cavities of the large bones and start making new blood cells the patient is very susceptible to infection and bleeding. This is the most critical time. Blood transfusions and many antibiotics will be given to the patient to help fight and prevent infection.

Nursery school Essay

The range of provision which is available for parents to access for their children are: Pre- schools Day nurseries Children and family centres These are to be found in the private, voluntary or independent sector. The purpose of the early year’s sector is to care for and educate children and the these settings provide for babies and children which are put into a day nursery for parents/careers to go back to work. Children are put into sessional settings for social and educational purposes or a combination of care and education purposes. ‘Families requirements for their children vary some parents want care for their children so that they can return to work, some parents want to stay with their children while they socialise, some parents want their children in setting which offer services aimed at learning, some parents want their children to be in a home based environment and some families cannot afford to pay fees for provision.’ (http://www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthread.php?t=13241&highlight=scope) Because of this the early year’s sector provide many types of provisions to meet the needs of families. Other provisions include: Nurseries Childminders Pre-schools Crà ¨ches Parent and toddler groups Children centres EYMP 4 Task 3 The effective provision of pre-school education (EPPE) project is the first major European longitudinal study of a national sample of young children’s  development (intellectual and social/behavioural) between the ages of three and seven years. To investigate the effects of pre-school education for three- and four-year-olds, the EPPE team collected a wide range of information on more than 3000 children, their parents, their home environments and the pre-school settings they attended. (http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/earlylearningandchildcare/evidence/a0068162/effective-provision-of-pre-school-education-eppe) It has impacted on childcare provision as the research the EPPE team did showed that pre-school education helps the development of children socially, intellectually and behaviourally which would encourage more parents to put their child into pre-school provisions. The ‘Learning Report 2009’ Task 4 The potential effects of discrimination include isolation, possible exclusion, demoralisation, and where self-esteem, confidence and resilience can be potentially damaged . Types of discrimination are: Gender Age Disability Sexuality Race Culture Religion Poverty Education Personal features Not having English as first language Discrimination against any child no matter what their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a pretty difficult time trying to fit in with other  children especially if they are in a mainstream school. ‘All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good.’. (http://www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5454) An example: In the setting I work all the staff and me promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same. In my placement the setting promote equal opportunity and every staff member respect all the children and their families. They help children with language needs where English is not their first language which helps to ensure they can settle and adapt to the setting. Example (reading and singing in their language, books and talking with parents to find words we can use) Task 5.

Liberation in The Awakening and Their Eyes Were Watching God

Liberation in Kate Chopins The Awakening and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God With few exceptions, our male dominated society has traditionally feared, repressed, and stymied the growth of women. As exemplified in history, man has always enjoyed a superior position. According to Genesis in the Old Testament, the fact that man was created first has led to the perception that man should rule. However, since woman was created from man’s rib, there is a strong argument that woman was meant to work along side with man as an equal partner. As James Weldon Johnson’s poem, â€Å"Behold de Rib,† clearly illustrates, if God had intended for woman to be dominated, then she would have been created from a bone in the foot, but â€Å"he†¦show more content†¦Edna weds Leonce Pontellier, a Creole, to retaliate against her father and sister. In defiance, Edna marries, not for love, but to punish her family for their disapproval. Edna’s first marriage is her initial attempt towards self-determination. Janie, on the other hand, in her initial attempt towards self-determination, rejects the idea of marriage, but is forced into a loveless union to Logan Killicks because of her grandmother’s persistence. Janie had always believed in marrying for love, not security—a virtue her grandmother adamantly preached. Ironically, these oppressive marriages make these women stronger. Initially, these women are looked upon as possessions, and, thus, their identities are degraded. Leonce treats Edna as a belonging and looks upon her â€Å"as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered some damage† (Chopin 7). Janie is regarded in the same way by Logan, who â€Å"refuses to accept essential parts of her heritage, personality, and experience† (Kubitschek 23). 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What Causes Cocaine Addiction - 1251 Words

What causes cocaine to be so addictive? The white powder happens to be a physiological addiction since it stimulates areas of the brain that gives a person feel euphoria and a person will build up resistance to the drug quickly. This in turn has the drug consumer requiring additional amounts of the substance with each subsequent practice. Because of this a person will be â€Å"chasing the dragon† the high that they first experienced each time that they snort, shoot, freebase or smoke. That first experience with cocaine will never be repeated. Nevertheless the beneficial news happens to be that cocaine addiction has fewer physiological effects and once the psychological addiction have been addressed the client has a greater chance for†¦show more content†¦It has been reported that the original formula for coke contained 2.5 mg per 100 ml of the pop (Writer S. , History of Cocaine Use in the United States, 2016). It happened during this time that public health off icials became aware of the issues that cocaine overuse caused, from psychiatric to social problems. In 1914 the Harrison Narcotic Act was enacted which restricted the usage of coca and by the 1930’s, consumption stood at an all-time low. Surprisingly the advent of another drug, amphetamine almost eradicated demand for cocaine, however similarly created a demand for other stimulants. During this period cocaine had been used primarily by what professionals touted as deviants and those who lived on the outskirts of society. In the 1960’s the cost of the white powder remained high therefore only a few were using it and other drug abuse was on the rise such as hallucinogens, barbiturates and amphetamines as a result little was being done around the addictive properties of cocaine. In the 1970’s cocaine abuse began to rise again and it was believed at the time that it was a relatively nonthreatening drug that was used recreationally. During that time the expense of the drug kept it as a drug that only a few could afford to partake in regularly. Prices came down as availability went up and afterward there occurred